CHAPTER 6

CHAPTER 6A: THE SECRETS OF STONEHENGE

Puzzle-puzzled-puzzling	artifacts	Associate with	legend	Abandon-abandoned
inspire	definite	Investigate-investigation	Unearth-discover	holy
cite	Hardened bone	domain	occupy	gather
Grave-graveyard	avenue	deposit	pottery	trace
transport	weigh	giant	cure	motive
wheel	enormous	remarkable

Inspire(v): to encourage other people to do something with new ideas and enthusiasm

/inspiration(n)-inspirational(adj)-inspiring(adj)-inspired(adj)

A good coach is the one who inspires his team.

Definitive(adj): firmly conclusive, final, authoritative / definitively(adv)

We have prepared a definitive agreement to buy the company.

Cite(v): to quote or mention something as an example or proof / citation(n)

Several factors have been cited as the cause of unrest in North African countries.

Domain(n): a particular area or field that someone controls or influences

Looking after the house was viewed as a woman’s domain.

Grave(v): a burial place

The grave of the famous singer is always covered with fresh flowers brought by his fans.

Avenue(n): a large, wide street, often with trees along it

The main avenue of the city is lined with palm trees.

Deposit(v): to put or leave something in a place / deposit(n)-deposition(n)-depository(n)-(adj)

The female tortoise deposits her eggs in the sand.

Trace(v): to find out how something got started or developed / trace(n)

His book traces the changing of the relationship between men and women.

Transport(v): to carry something from one place to another / transport(n)-transportation(n)

The safest way to transport dangerous chemicals is through special ship.

Motive(n): the reason for doing something /motiveless(adj)

What can be the motive of the serial killer

Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the words in the box.

     avenue                 cite                  definitive                deposit             domain  

     inspire                 motive            trace                        transport

1. It is possible to _______________ the origin and development of social, political, and philosophical ideas in this nation in this comprehensive book. It is a valuable source of information.

2. My list of candidates is not a _______________ one. You have probably several other names in your mind and want to add to the list.

3.  Specialists _______________ activities such as language learning, bicycle riding, and other complex activities, as examples of implicit learning.

4. Our city is very well-planned with its lovely streets with small shops and large _______________ with department stores and art galleries.

5. Good _______________ is vital to any trading activity. Products must be sent and received without delays and without damage.

6. While girls attend college for social reasons and to become culturally developed, the _______________ for boys is dominantly vocational.

7. We advise our guests to _______________ their valuables and passports to the hotel safe.

8. Wealthy nations must extend the kind of co-operation to the less fortunate nations that will _______________ hope, confidence, and progress so that both sides can benefit from that cooperation.

9. It was decided that the main thrust of the research should be in the _______________ of economic and political socialization during adolescence.

Answers:

1.trace                2.definitive               3. cite                    4. avenues                      5. transport

6.motive            7. deposit                   8. inspire              9. domain

CHAPTER 6B: THE LOST CAVE

Excavate-excavation	cave	Astonished-astonishing	skeleton	Involve in
Inspect-inspection-inspector	Contrary to	forehead	jaw	unique
Abnormal-abnormally	unearth	tiny	evolve	remote
shrink	predator	scarce	minimize	adapt
phenomenon	skilled	toolmaker	conflict	Die out
extinct

Astonishing(adj):very surprising, shocking / astonish(v)- astonished(adj)-astonishingly(adv)-astonishment(n)

As she gave an astonishing performance in her first film, she will probably be nominated for some awards.

Inspection(n): a careful examination of something to check for problems / inspect(v)-inspector(n)

Regular inspections are required of all restaurants in the area.

Contrary(adj): opposite/ contrary(n)

Contrary to popular belief, a desert can be very cold.

Unique(adj):being the only one of its kind /uniquely(adv)-uniqueness(n)

Humans are unique among mammals in several respects.

Abnormal(adj): not normal, unusual/ abnormally(adv)-abnormality(n)

The results of the blood test were abnormal.

Shrink(v): to make something much smaller

The treatment should shrink the tumor.

Minimize(v): to make something as small as it can be/minimum(adj)-(adv)-(n)-minimal(adj)-minimally(adv)

During the interview, she minimized her weaknesses and emphasized her strengths.

Phenomenon(n): something that is observed to happen or exist

The movie eventually became a cultural phenomenon.

Cousin(n): the child of your aunt or uncle

Everyone came to the wedding, including a distant cousin no one had heard from in years.

Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the words in the box.

abnormally                adapt              astonishing                contrary                     cousin

inspect                        minimize         phenomenon             shrink                         unique

1. It is found that highly purified oil found in salmon, sardines and mackerel can ______________ solid tumors and stop the weight loss in some patients.

2. As the Canaries are a duty-free zone, almost no formalities are necessary at the customs, and the officers do not normally ______________ yachts.

3. Thanks to its volcanic rocks and extreme climate, this region offers a _______________ landscape to its visitors that they can see the like of it nowhere else.

 4. In many civilized societies, support groups play a vital part in helping older people and their families to ______________ to changes in their lives.

5.  The Sumatran tiger is more closely and deceptively striped than his larger Indian ______________ and quite a bit more intelligent.

6. ______________ to popular myth, assessing quality is not as difficult as it appears; with a little basic information, anyone can distinguish a good from a poor quality rug.

7. Greenpeace criticized the Commission's proposals on the grounds that they would give industry a license to burn waste rather than encourage it to ______________ the production of waste.

8. Jonathan had been taken to hospital and his blood sugar level had been found to be ______________ low.

9. A holidaymaker filmed a/an ______________ scene at the Jersey zoo —a little child sharing her food with a lion, and millions saw it on TV.

10. The ______________ called “aurora” is a natural light display in the sky in and around Arctic and Antarctic regions.

Answers:

1. shrink                  2. inspect                  3.unique                   4.adapt                       5. cousin

6. contrary              7.minimize               8. abnormally         9. astonishing          10. phenomenon

CHAPTER 4

UNIT 4A: The Ring of Fire 

Check the phrases and vocabulary:

summit	Sacred- holy	Erupt-eruption	Explode-explosion	evacuate
Creator X destroyer	exhausted	ascent	witness	dawn
Strength X weakness	attempt	ash	darken	threaten
Send out	inevitable	monitor	symptom	expand
displace	abandon	ancestor	appease

Here is a game to memorize some words.

Witness(v):to experience important events or changes/ witness(n)

I will be in England at the end of April and witness the royal wedding ceremony of Prince William and Kate Middleton.

Dawn(n): sunrise or the beginning of something/ dawn(v)

Summer brings early dawns and late sunsets.

Holy(adj): sacred, connected with God and religion

People should behave respectfully in holy places.

Disaster(n): an extremely bad accident/disastrous(adj)-disatrously(adv)

It is difficult to estimate the future consequences of Fukushima Nuclear Power Plant disaster in Japan.

Inevitable(adj): certain to happen and unable to be prevented/ inevitably(adv)

Failure is inevitable if you keep skipping school and not bothering to study.

Monitor(v): to regularly check the development or progress of something/monitor(n)

With the application of the new law, the government will be able to monitor people’s bank accounts to detect strange transactions.

Expand(v): to become larger/expansion(n)-expandible(adj)

The small domestic airport has been expanded and now it hosts international flights.

Displace(v): to move something from its usual place/displaced(adj)-displacement(n)

The catastrophic earthquake displaced hundreds of residents. The government is trying to build new homes for them.

Abandon(v): to give up or leave something behind/ abandoned(adj)-abandonment(n)

They cannot tear down the old building since an old lady refuses to abandon her flat.

Ancestor(n): a person from whom you are descended and who is usually more remote in the line of descent than a grandparent/ancestral(adj)-ancestry(n)

We believe that our ancestors came from Far East and settled here.

 In the sentences below, the words in the blanks are all words from the vocabulary on p. 56.  Use the first letters to find the words in the puzzle. Do not change the grammar of the word.

M	W	E	X	P	A	N	D	A	S	E
D	A	P	D	D	D	I	F	O	S	L
I	N	E	V	I	T	A	B	L	E	M
S	C	X	A	S	S	B	W	I	N	O
A	E	P	N	P	P	A	B	N	T	N
C	S	L	M	L	O	N	S	D	I	I
R	T	O	E	A	R	D	E	T	W	T
E	O	R	I	C	H	O	L	Y	E	O
D	R	E	R	E	L	N	W	A	D

1. Do you think ITU should ab_______________ its attendance policy?

2. The population of cities everywhere is continuing to ex____________.

3. Was the 1999 earthquake the biggest natural di________________ in Turkey's history?

4. Global warming is not ine______________________. We can stop it.

5. Recent DNA research has shown that 16 million people today share one an_______________ - Genghis Khan. (Yes, that's true!)

6.  Teachers need to be in the classroom during a test in order to mo_______________ the students.

7. The three most h___________ places in Shiite Islam are Mecca, Medina, and Najaf.

8. If there wasn't a wi_____________, how do you know he killed her?

9. Get up early. We will be leaving at da__________.

10. Archimedes shouted “Eureka!” when he realized that objects will di__________ the same weight of water.

11. Cows are sa__________ in India, but not in Pakistan.  (bonus from p. 52)

ANSWER KEY:

1 abandon 2 expand 3 disaster 4 inevitable 5 ancestor 6 monitor 7 holy 8 witness 9 dawn 10 displace 11 sacred

		E	X	P	A	N	D		S
	A		D	D					S
I	N	E	V	I	T	A	B	L	E	M
S	C			S	S	B			N	O
A	E			P		A		N	T	N
C	S			L		N	S		I	I
R	T			A		D		T	W	T
E	O			C	H	O	L	Y	E	O
D	R			E		N	W	A	D	R

SACRED MOUNTAINS

1.    What is the reading mainly about?

a.    Causes of volcanic eruptions.

b.    Increases in volcanic activity.

c.    Destruction of volcanic eruptions.

d.    Striking facts about volcanoes.

2.    Which statement is TRUE according to paragraph 4?

a.    The amount of activity observed at Fuji has diminished.

b.    Fuji is known as one of the biggest volcanoes in Japan.

c.    Recent findings indicate that Fuji will probably burst out again.

d.    Inhabitants around Fuji organize festivals if the volcano doesn’t erupt.

3.    In line 81, the word expanding can best be replaced by ____.

a.    crashing                    b.  crushing               c. shortening             d. destroying

4.    In line 89, the word abandoning could be replaced with ____.

a.    deserting                   b. cultivating             c. thinking                 d. inhabiting

5.    The word “it” in line 72 refers to ____.

a.    the question              b. ash                         c. El Popo                  d. an eruption

6.    The word “these” in line 79 is referring to ____.

a.    scientists                   b. monitors                c. signals                   d. symptoms

7.    Which idea best reflects the perspective of Motoo Ukawa and his associates?

a.    The rate of volcanic eruptions has increased in recent years.

b.    Volcanic activity is better reported than it was in the past.

c.    The world’s population has increased in the past few hundred years.

d.    Today, scientists are following reported eruptions worldwide.

8.    Which paragraph discusses “the fertility of land in volcanic surroundings”?

a.    Paragraph 6              b. Paragraph 7                      c. Paragraph 5                      d. Paragraph 8

9.    In the final paragraph, the expression “Today, many people who live near El Popo continue to see the mountain as their ancestors did.” means:

a.    Today people visit El Popo as their ancestors did.

b.    In this century, people continue to see the mountain because their ancestors want them to do so.

c.    Today, many people go on regarding El Popo the same as their ancestors did.

d.    People fail to see the mountain as their ancestors did.

 Key: 1-d 2-c 3-b 4-a 5-c 6-d 7-a 8-b 9-c 

Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the words in the box.

abandon                     ancestor                dawn                       disaster                 displace            

expand                        holy                        inevitable               monitor                 witness

 

1.  They produce dairy products with a method their __________ used hundreds years ago, that’s why their products taste extremely different.

2. Although a lot of people __________ the accident, nobody informed the police about it properly.

3. The climbers reached at the peak as __________ broke.

4. Human beings are directly responsible for some of the natural _________ such as floods. For instance, they construct buildings around water reserves and when it rains a lot, the  whole area is flooded.

5. Having visited Tibet, Susan came home with a _________ man, a bald monk wearing long orange suit.

6. The family have ______________ their small business to serve entire country by giving franchises.

7. Opponents of the nuclear power plant project have said it is unacceptable on environmental as well as human rights grounds because the plant will __________ more than 200,000 people and added that they don’t want to move anywhere.

8. Nurses in the intensive care unit constantly__________ the patient’s heart rate.

9. The rural community in Japan, like those in many other countries, was reluctant to __________ the old ways. They do not want to adopt new and easier ways of growing plants or producing other things.

10. Class conflict is viewed as __________ and indeed the only major source of conflict in capitalist societies.

Answers:

1. ancestors              2. witnessed            3. dawn             4. disasters              5. holy 

6.  expanded             7. displace                   8. monitored      9.  abandon             10. inevitable

Discuss the following questions with your partner(s).

Talk about what you know about your ancestors.

Where in Turkey do scientists monitor earthquakes?   Do you monitor your weight?

Do you know what places are holy to the Muslim, Jewish, Christian, and Buddhist religions?

Generally what are you doing at dawn?  Have you every woken up before dawn to watch the sunrise?

Do you think a major earthquake in Turkey is inevitable?   If yes, what are your plans to deal with it?

What reason could a mother have for abandoning her child?  Are there any possible good reasons?

How many people were displaced by the Van earthquake?  Where did they go?  Have they been able to return home?

A balloon expands when it is filled with air.  What other types of things can expand?  Be creative!

If you witnessed a thief grab a woman’s purse on the street, what would you do?

Do you know any identical twins?   Is your phone identical to anyone else’s in the class?

In the process of making tea, what steps precede pouring the water into the cup?

Do you know the precise value of pi?  Do you know your precise weight?  Do you know the precise time you were born?

Where in the world do people drill to find oil?  Has the dentist ever drilled a hole in your teeth?

Do you think the police should be able to use GPS to track people who might commit crimes?

Do you think it’s important to keep factory zones separate from housing zones?

Which is more random, picking a card from a deck of 52 or rolling 2 dice? 

Carbon monoxide is an undetectable gas because it has no smell.   What kinds of materials can you detect by their smells?

Would you rather work in a chemistry laboratory, an automotive laboratory, or a plant laboratory? 

UNIT 4B: When the Earth Moves

Check the words and phrases below:

Pack into	Predict- prediction	random	Observe-observation-observable	boundary
generate	strain	forecast	precise	laboratory
fault	Earth’s crust	slip	detect	Prior to
drill	register	schedule	preceding	clue
crack	widen	identical	track	zone

Random(adj): not following a definite order or pattern/ randomly(adv)-randomness(n)-randomize(v)

The research was conducted after a random selection of participants.

Zone(n): an area with particular features or characteristics /zone(v)

We cannot camp here as it is in the danger zone for avalanches.

Precise(adj): exact/ precisely(adv)-precision(n)-precision(adj)

Scientists are able tell the precise age of a very old tree by new methods.

Laboratory(n): a building or room where scientific research takes place

The university has the world’s one of the most modern laboratories.

Detect(v): to notice or discover the existence of something/ detectable(adj)-detection(n)-detective(n)-detector(n)

Traffic policemen use a small gadget to detect the alcohol in the breath of drivers.

Drill(v): to make a hole in something/ drill(n)

Drilling a hole to find water requires skill.

Schedule(n): a list of events with the times when they will occur/ schedule(v)

The first step to gain academic study skills is to make a good schedule.

Precede(v): to be earlier than; to come or happen before/ preceeding(adj)

Riots preceded the civil war.

Identical(adj): exactly the same as something else/ identically(adv)

Cem Yılmaz does not wear the same T-shirt every day. His T-shirts are identical in size and color.

Track(v): to follow a trail or evidence left by something; to record or study the behavior or development of someone or something over time/ track(n)-tracker(n)

Meteorologists are tracking the storm.

Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the words in the box.

detect              drill                      identical                 laboratory                  precede

precise            random               schedule                track  

1.  Agricultural development has always _________ industrial development in the growth of countries.  That is, firstly agricultural production takes place, and then the industrial growth is observed.

2. In our research, we looked at a _________ sample of 150 families and tried to figure out their reactions to the changes in the education system.

3. The twins were so _________ that it was virtually impossible to tell them apart.

4. Hundreds of thousands of small cameras have been installed in public areas mainly to _________ crime and monitor traffic.                                                                     

5. The _________ date and place of his birth are uncertain.

6. Big international companies do not let small ones to get a license to _________ for oil in this area.

7. Research facilities of the university include computing systems,   _________  and several major libraries.

8. After identifying the murderer, police have been _________ them all over the country. They report that they hope to find him soon.

9. I don’t know how to fit everything into my busy ___________ this week. I may ask for your help for some tasks.

Answers:

1. preceeded                    2. random                 3. identical              4. detect                  5. exact 

6. drill                               7. laboratories          8. tracking               9.  schedule

PREDICTING EARTHQUAKES

1. In the first line of Paragraph 1, the writer starts the sentence by saying “Never before have so many people packed into cities”. What does he mean?

a) People haven’t lived in cities before.

b) Cities have never been this crowded before.

c) People have never packed their luggage in cities before.

d) Many people have packed and left the cities that they were living in.

2. In Paragraph 3 (lines 33 and 34), the writer says “Unfortunately, this is more a forecast than a prediction.” What does he mean?

a) This can be said more accurately because there is data as evidence.

b) This can only show scientists’ opinions about what is going to happen.

c) Scientists can never tell when this is going to happen in the future.

d) This can both be considered as forecast and prediction.

3. Both Japanese and American scientists agree that it may be possible to predict an earthquake, but what is the difference in their method?

4. Who developed the idea of the “pre-slip” theory?

5. Which of the following ideas is NOT TRUE based on paragraph 3:

a) Scientists in Japan believe that earthquakes can be predictable.

b) Koshun Yamaoka defends the idea that earthquakes show signs beforehand.

c) As two plate boundaries have caused very big earthquakes there every 100-150 years, the Tokai section had an earthquake recently.

d) As the pressure is increasing in the region along the Pacific Coast about 161 kilometers southwest of Tokyo, it’s likely to create a major earthquake there.

6. The phrase “clear patterns” in line 16 is closest in meaning to ___.

a) different styles                       b) clean ways                                     c) obvious signs                d) easy roads

7). In Paragraph 5, line 3 says: “…it was years off schedule”.

a) What does ”it” mean in this sentence?

b) Rewrite the main idea of this sentence in your own words.

8. On line 51, the word “it” refers to ___.

a) San Andreas Fault                  b) the United States                       c) Parkfield                         d) They

9. In Paragraph 6, line 66, the word “it” refers to ___.

a) the lack of data                       b) the data                                          c) the evidence                 d) the lack of evidence

10. What is TRUE based on the last paragraph?

a) It is certain that the scientists can predict when an earthquake will happen because they are able to see the Earth’s movements.

b) It will never be entirely possible to predict when an earthquake will happen even if we have an early warning system.

c) Lives can be saved when the scientists arebe able to follow the signs of the Earth’s movements and launch early warning systems.

d) To prevent the loss of life, scientists are now designing early warning systems because they can track the movements of the faults.

ANSWER KEY

1)b

2)a

3)Japanese did experiments in labs but Americans drilled into the fault and observed the tracks in reality.

4)Naoyuki Kato, a scientist at the Earthquake Research Institute.

5)c

6)c

7)a)earthquake (in San Andreas fault in Parkfield)

   b)The earthquake didn’t happen at the expected time.

8)c

9)d

10)c